Dmel\1731

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\1731	Species	D.melanogaster
Name	1731 element	FlyBase ID	FBte0000003
Feature type	natural transposable element	Created / Updated	2006-12-04/2006-12-04
Sequences & Components
Complete element (bp)	4648 (Kaminker et al., 2002) 4648 (Ziarczyk and Best-Belpomme, 1991) 4648 (FBrf0045155)
Terminal repeat (bp)	336 (Ziarczyk and Best-Belpomme, 1991) 336
Reference sequence	transposon_sequence_set.embl.txt.gz
Component genes	1731\gag 1731\RTase 1731\LTR
Sequence Accessions
	DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank X07656 X04874 X04686 BI632431 AY119276 AJ564687
Sequence Ontology (SO)
Transposon type	LTR_retrotransposon (Kaminker et al., 2002, Ziarczyk and Best-Belpomme, 1991, ) transposable_element (Kaminker et al., 2002, )
Insertions & Copy Number
Copy number and comments	2 in euchromatin of Release 3 genome annotation, of which 1 is full length. (Kaminker et al., 2002) 10
Search for	All insertions of this transposon Insertions in the sequenced genome Insertions in other genomes
Target Site Duplication
Size (bp)	5 (Ziarczyk and Best-Belpomme, 1991) 5 (FBrf0045155)
Orthologs
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Dneo\1731 Dafs\1731 Deug\1731 Dboc\1731 Dana\1731 Dtei\1731 Dmir\1731 Dsal\1731 Dpau\1731 Dmat\1731 Dneb\1731 Dkik\1731 Dobs\1731 Dtro\1731 Dere\1731 Dema\1731 Ddav\1731 Dstu\1731 Dsim\1731 Dmal\1731 Dgri\1731 (Edwards, 1997.1.28, ) Dbak\1731 Dtsa\1731 Dyak\1731 Dwil\1731 Dvul\1731 Dtak\1731 Dsec\1731 Dore\1731 Dmau\1731 Dimm\1731 Dgua\1731 Dcap\1731 Dalg\1731
Comments
	The single full length 1731 element does not have a frameshift between the 1731\gag and 1731\RTase genes, so is expected to express a 1731\gag-1731\RTase fusion protein. (Kaminker et al., 2002) Two classes of 1731 element are present in the genome. The first class uses conventional translational frameshifting to ensure expression of the 1731\RTase open reading frame. Most of the genomic copies are related to the second class where the frameshift is prevented as a result of a substitution of a rare codon recognising a rare tRNA by a codon preferred by the host genome and the 1731\RTase ORF is restored by a downstream single nucleotide deletion. (Kalmykova et al., 1999) Used in an investigation to address the relationship between retrotransposons and retroviruses and the coadaptation of these retroelements to their host genomes. Results indicate retrotransposons are heterogeneous in contrast to retroviruses, suggesting different modes of evolution by slippage-like mechanisms. (Terzian et al., 1997) Expression of 1731 is regulated not only at the transcriptional level but also at the translational level, this regulation is different in the two sexes. (Haoudi et al., 1997) UVB-irradiation activation of 1731-LTR requires a short sequence of the U3 region, the sequence is active in human or Schneider cell line. Sequence is similar to the binding sequence of members of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/rel family. (Faure et al., 1996) Overexpression of Ssb-c31a in transfected cells represses the 1731 element promoter. (Lacoste et al., 1995) In vitro transcription of the 1731 element promoter is repressed by NssBF element binding protein(s). (Lacoste and Fourcade-Peronnet, 1995) The spatial and temporal expression patterns of fifteen families of retrotransposons are analysed during embryogenesis and are found to be conserved. Results suggest that all families carry cis-acting elements that control their spatial and temporal expression patterns. (Ding and Lipshitz, 1994) Estimating the genomic numbers of transposable elements demonstrates many families of element are over-represented in heterochromatin. (Charlesworth et al., 1994) The distribution of a number of transposable elements has been studied in 10 Harwich mutation accumulation lines. (Nuzhdin and Mackay, 1995) The 1731 promoter is active in Pleurodeles waltl oocytes suggesting in the case of horizontal transfer 1731 can be expressed in vertebrate organisms. (Kim et al., 1994) Element copy numbers on inversion and standard chromosomes has been determined. The copy number is significantly higher within low frequency inversions than within the corresponding standard chromosome regions. (Sniegowski and Charlesworth, 1994) Top2 is involved in different functions of the 1731 LTR. (Nahon et al., 1993) The distribution of 1731 retrotransposon-hybridising sequences reveals the sequences are widespread within both the Sophophora and Drosophila subgenera. The 1731 retrotransposon family appears to have a long evolutionary history in the Drosophilidae genome. (Montchamp-Moreau et al., 1993) The behaviour of the LTR is analysed after transfer to human monocytes. (Codani-Simonart et al., 1993) Stability of 11 transposable element families compared by Southern blotting among individuals of lines that had been subjected to 30 generations of sister sib matings. 412, roo, blood, 297, 1731 and G-element all appear stable, whereas copia, hobo, I-element, gypsy and jockey elements show instability. (di Franco et al., 1992) The genomic distribution of transposable elements in somatic tissues and during development is homogeneous. (di Franco et al., 1989) A retroviral-like transposable element. The first 1731 element was identified because its transcription in tissue-culture cells is reduced in the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone (FBrf0045155). In cell lines the transcription of 1731 is down-regulated by ecdysteroids (FBrf0053421; FBrf0054856).
Other Information
Etymology

External Crossreferences
Sequence Crossreferences
	DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank X07656 X04874 X04686 BI632431 AY119276 AJ564687
Other Crossreferences

Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 5 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	17.31 (Vieira et al., 2002) 1731 (Saito et al., 2006, Gvozdev et al., 2005, Fablet et al., 2007, Minervini et al., 2007, Gunawardane et al., 2007, Smith, 2007, Brennecke et al., 2007, Maisonhaute et al., 2007) BcDNA:SD26211 TE 1731 (Kearney et al., 2004)
Name Synonym	1731 element
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0062845 FBgn0000007 FBtp0011400
References ( 81 )

Generate a list of	All references relating to this natural transposable element ( 81 )

List References by type	Research paper ( 64 ) Supplementary material ( 1 ) Review ( 7 ) Abstract ( 5 ) FlyBase analysis ( 1 ) Letter ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 5 )
	Brennecke et al., 2007, Cell 128(6): 1089--1103 Discrete small RNA-generating loci as master regulators of transposon activity in Drosophila. [FBrf0200494] Maisonhaute et al., 2007, Gene 393(1-2): 116--126 Amplification of the 1731 LTR retrotransposon in Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells: origin of neocopies and impact on the genome. [FBrf0200843] Minervini et al., 2007, Gene 393(1-2): 1--10 Heterochromatin protein 1 interacts with 5'UTR of transposable element ZAM in a sequence-specific fashion. [FBrf0200033] Smith, 2007, Science 316(5831): 1586--1591 [FBrf0202564] Saito et al., 2006, Genes Dev. 20(16): 2214--2222 Specific association of Piwi with rasiRNAs derived from retrotransposon and heterochromatic regions in the Drosophila genome. [FBrf0191820] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews ( 1 )
	Fablet et al., 2007, Gene 390(1-2): 84--91 The evolution of retrotransposon regulatory regions and its consequences on the Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens host genomes. [FBrf0194872] Show all reviews ...