Gene Dmel\vg

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\vg	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	vestigial	Annotation symbol	CG3830
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0003975
Created / Updated	2003-12-02/2003-12-02
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	2R	Recombination map	2-67.0
Cytogenetic map	49E1-49E1	Sequence location	2R:8,771,794..8,786,900 [+]
Map ( GBrowse )
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene vestigial is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol vg (CG3830, FBgn0003975). It has the cytological map location 49E1. Its sequence location is 2R:8771794..8786900. Its molecular function is described as: GTP binding; transcription regulator activity. It is involved in the biological processes described with 14 unique terms, many of which group under: anatomical structure development; organ development; organ morphogenesis; regulation of biological process; organelle organization and biogenesis; cell cycle; regulation of metabolic process; cell proliferation; leg morphogenesis; dorsal/ventral pattern formation, imaginal disc; imaginal disc-derived wing margin morphogenesis; sensory organ development; appendage development; system development; microtubule-based process. 402 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with 53 unique terms, many of which group under: adult segment; adult mesothoracic segment; thoracic segment; peripheral nervous system; appendage segment; nervous system; indirect flight muscle; dorsal thoracic disc; antennal segment; adult somatic muscle. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide.
External Summaries

Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	vg: vestigial vg1: vestigial From Bridges and Morgan, 1919, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 278: 148. vgno: vestigial-notched From Mohr, 1932, Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet. 6th Vol. 1: 190-212. The vestigial locus seems to be mainly involved in the development of the wing margin. The mutants are recessive viable (with or without a visible phenotype), recessive lethal, or dominant (with a visible phenotype over wild type or a vg allele); some alleles complement each other; others show pleotropic effects or homeosis (Bownes and Roberts, 1981). In the classical vg mutants, the wings of homozygotes are reduced to vestiges and usually held at right angles to the body, the wing veins still visible. Some mutants have narrow, nicked, or scalloped wings. Halteres may be reduced or absent. Postscutellar bristles are frequently held erect. Viability is somewhat reduced; null mutants are sterile. Temperatures of 29 or greater appreciably increase wing size (Harnly, 1936, Genetics 21: 84-103; Stanley, 1935, J. Exp. Zool. 69: 459-95). A suppressor of vg on the third chromosome, su(vg), results in an almost normal phenotype at 28, an intermediate vg phenotype at 25, and a strong vg phenotype (in wings and especially halteres) under 20 (David, et al., 1970). vg/+ heterozygotes with certain Minutes show scalloping of the wings (Green and Oliver, 1940; Simpson et al., 1981). vg/vg/+ has scalloped wings more often than vg/+ (Green, 1946). Final size of larva is smaller than in wild type and pupation occurs slightly later. Wing disks of late larva are also somewhat smaller than in wild type (Auerbach, 1936), as are haltere disks (Chen, 1929). Goldschmidt (1935, 1937) claimed that wings are more or less fully formed and subsequently eroded by degeneration during pupation. Waddington (1939, 1940) found no evidence of erosion and concluded that the effect of the gene occurs during the larval period and involves reduction in size of prospective wing area and shift in position of line along which wing area is folded out from the imaginal disk. Fristrom (1968, 1969), however, using both light and electron microscopy, found numerous degenerating cells in the presumptive wing blade region of the vg wing disks, as did Bryant and Girton (1980), Bownes and Roberts (1981a, 1981b), James and Bryant (1981), and O'Brochta and Bryant (1983). Duplications of the mesonotum along with deficiences of wing disk material occur in a small percentage of vg mutants (Girton and Bryant, 1980; James and Bryant, 1981).
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 49E1-49E1 Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}bic^k10712 and P{PZ}l(2)01424⁰¹⁴²⁴
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 49D-49E (determined by in situ hybridisation) (Williams and Bell, 1988)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	2-67.0 (Williams, 1956) 2-67 (Fernandez Gianotti, 1952)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)	en (Kornberg, 1981)
Notes
Molecular Map Data
Gene Order (in direction of increasing cytology) References In direction of increasing cytology: anon-49Da- Nmda1- Aats-asp+ vg+ (Stitzinger et al., 1999) Gene Order (overall orientation not stated) References
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\vg for information on other features
Comments on Gene Model
	DGC clone appears problematic: incomplete CDS
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) vg-RA FBtr0087785 NM_078999 3816 453
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	3.8 (northern blot) (Williams et al., 1991, Williams et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kD) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein vg-PA FBpp0086898 46.3 453 7.03 NP_523723 AAF58444
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kD)	453 (aa); 46 (kD) (Williams et al., 1991)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Tubulin (IPR000217) Protein of unknown function TDU (IPR006627) Vestigial/tondu (IPR011520)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AE003820 AAF58444 AY070907 AAL48529 BI162964 CO178577 CO186375 CO268802 CO299694 CO317379 CO322156 CO324514 CZ485281 CZ485282 EC065397 EC068490 EC068737 EC085205 EC218625 EC238631 EC246418 EC251909 EC253795 S64974 S64975 S64976 S72379 AAB20671 S78364

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	Q26366
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	Q8SZF8

Maps to
Does NOT map to
Identified with	RE02247 (BDGP Project Members, 2000-)
Mapped Features & Mutations
Please see GBrowse or insertion reports for information on insertions of transgenic constructs and features not listed here Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References aberration junction In(2R)vg[W].bk2 2R:8,772,611..8,773,456 comment=Break 2 of In(2R)vg[W] maps to the first intron of vg. The break is close to the HindIII site. Break 1 hits inv. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-HindIII_rfrag (Williams et al., 1990) aberration junction In(2R)vg[U].bk1 2R:8,775,071..8,776,290 comment=Break 1 of In(2R)vg[U] maps to an EcoRI fragment in intron 2 of vg. The break is close to the upstream EcoRI site. Break 2 hits mam. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag (Williams et al., 1990) complex substitution vg[TP] 2R:8,778,777..8,778,925 comment=vg[TP] is associated with insertions of a 412 element, 412{}vg[TP]a, and an unknown 6kb insertion, ?{}vg[TP]b, at the 3' end of intron 2. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-BglII_rfrag (Silber et al., 1993, Silber et al., 1997) deletion vg[83b27] 2R:8,775,071..8,778,925 comment=Approximate boundaries of vg[83b27], a deletion which removes most of intron 2 but does not alter the surrounding exons. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-BglII_rfrag deletion vg[79d5] 2R:8,778,599..8,778,999 comment=~400bp deletion in intron2/exon3. The downstream endpoint is mapped at the sequence level (FBrf0052606). The 5' endpoint is approximate, (400 bases upstream of sequenced endpoint). evidence=experimental (Williams et al., 1990) deletion vg[NW] 2R:8,784,952..8,787,645 comment=Approximate location of the vg[NW] deletion, which removes exons 6-8 and the 3' flanking sequences. evidence=experimental linked_to=ClaI-ClaI_rfrag (Williams et al., 1990) insertion site vg[s2] 2R:8,784,017..8,786,491 comment=vg[s2] is associated with a 5kb insertion. The insertion site maps to the distal part of the gene. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-HindIII_rfrag (Abu-Issa and Cavicchi, 1993, Williams and Bell, 1988) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-10 2R:8,784,014..8,784,027 bound_moiety=sd-XP evidence=experimental (Guss et al., 2001, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-11 2R:8,784,242..8,784,259 bound_moiety=Mad-XP evidence=experimental (Kim et al., 1997, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-12 2R:8,783,977..8,783,987 bound_moiety=sd-XP evidence=experimental (Guss et al., 2001, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-2 2R:8,776,639..8,776,652 bound_moiety=nub-XP evidence=experimental (Neumann and Cohen, 1998, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-3 2R:8,776,716..8,776,729 bound_moiety=nub-XP evidence=experimental (Neumann and Cohen, 1998, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-4 2R:8,784,101..8,784,114 bound_moiety=sd-XP evidence=experimental (Guss et al., 2001, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-5 2R:8,776,676..8,776,689 bound_moiety=nub-XP evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Neumann and Cohen, 1998) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-6 2R:8,784,375..8,784,386 bound_moiety=sd-XP evidence=experimental (Guss et al., 2001, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-7 2R:8,784,191..8,784,212 bound_moiety=vvl-XP evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Certel et al., 2000) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-8 2R:8,776,750..8,776,767 bound_moiety=nub-XP evidence=experimental (Bergman et al., 2004, Neumann and Cohen, 1998) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-9 2R:8,784,225..8,784,232 bound_moiety=Mad-XP evidence=experimental (Kim et al., 1997, Bergman et al., 2004) protein binding site vg-protein_bind-13 2R:8,776,480..8,776,488 bound_moiety=Su(H)-XP comment=Su(H) binding site. When the single Su(H) binding site in the vg D/V enhancer is mutated, no expression is observed along the D/V boundary in wing discs. evidence=experimental (Kim et al., 1996) regulatory region vg-reg_element-1 2R:8,776,380..8,776,739 comment=The vg minimal D/V enhancer directs weak expression in a stripe of cells spanning the dorsal ventral boundary in wing and haltere discs. evidence=experimental (Williams et al., 1994) regulatory region vg-reg_element-2 2R:8,776,380..8,777,133 comment=The vg boundary enhancer, vgBE, directs expression in a stripe of cells spanning the dorsal ventral boundary in wing and haltere discs. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag (Williams et al., 1994) regulatory region vg-reg_element-3 2R:8,783,678..8,784,475 comment=The vg quadrant enhancer, vgQE, directs expression in the developing wing blade. evidence=experimental (Kim et al., 1996) transposable element target site duplication H{}vg[al] 2R:8,779,714..8,779,721 comment=Site of the 8bp host repeat sequence associated with the H{}vg[al] insertion, an 1874 base internally deleted hobo element. evidence=experimental (Bazin et al., 1991, Bazin et al., 1993)
External Data
Linkouts	DEDB - Drosophila exon database: splicing graphs • 12712
Crossreferences
Expression Data
FlyBase-Curated Data
Transcript and Protein data	Please see the FlyBase Gene Expression Report for details of gene expression from the literature.
Summary of Transcript Expression
Stage Tissue/Position Reference embryonic stage \| stage 12-17 embryonic central nervous system \| presumptive \| segmentally repeated pattern (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage \| stage 14-16 abdomen \| restricted (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage \| stage 12-17 embryonic central nervous system \| presumptive \| restricted (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage \| stage 10-13 dorsal prothoracic disc (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage,pupal stage,adult stage (Bernard et al., 2003) larval stage dorsal metathoracic disc (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage \| stage 14-16 ectoderm \| stripes <&> dorsal (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage (Williams et al., 1991) larval stage dorsal mesothoracic disc (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage \| stage 10-13 ectoderm \| stripes <&> lateral (Williams et al., 1991) larval stage \| third instar larval brain (Zider et al., 1996) embryonic stage \| stage 11-17 dorsal metathoracic disc (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage \| stage 13-16 head \| restricted (Williams et al., 1991) larval stage \| third instar dorsal metathoracic disc \| restricted (Williams et al., 1991) embryonic stage \| stage 11-17 dorsal mesothoracic disc (Williams et al., 1991) larval stage \| third instar dorsal mesothoracic disc (Williams et al., 1991)
Marker for

Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Summary of Polypeptide Expression
Stage Tissue/Position Reference larval stage \| second instar dorsal mesothoracic disc (Wu and Cohen, 2002) larval stage \| third instar NOT myoblast & mesothoracic tergum \| distal (Sudarsan et al., 2001) pupal stage \| 21 hr myoblast \| subset & vicinity of dorsal medial muscle (Bernard et al., 2003) larval stage \| third instar dorsal mesothoracic disc (Wu and Cohen, 2002) pupal stage mesothoracic lateral longitudinal muscle (Sudarsan et al., 2001) embryonic stage \| stage >12 myoblast \| subset (Sudarsan et al., 2001) pupal stage \| 21 hr dorsal medial muscle (Bernard et al., 2003) larval stage \| third instar adepithelial cell of dorsal mesothoracic disc (Bernard et al., 2003) larval stage \| third instar myoblast & mesothoracic tergum \| proximal (Sudarsan et al., 2001)
Marker for

Subcellular Localization
CV Term	nucleus (Williams et al., 1991)
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003975 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • FBgn0003975 GEO (NCBI) - Gene expression data: microarray and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003975 BDGP expression data • Show all BDGP original images, annotations and embryonic microarray data for vg FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for vg Stage(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele viable vg¹ vg^21-4 vg^77d2 vg^79d5 vg^83b27 vg^al vg^null viable \| poor vg^nw viable \| reduced vg^nw viable \| reduced (with vg^UR) vg^unspecified viable \| reduced (with vg^unspecified) vg^UR semi-viable vg² lethal \| recessive vg¹² vg¹⁶⁸ vg^21-9 vg^67d1 vg^67d2 vg^72a1 vg^74b1 vg⁷⁶ⁱ¹ vg^76j1 vg^76k2 vg^77d1 vg^78b4 vg^78j3 vg^78k3 vg^79b4 vg^79b6 vg^79d3 vg^79f1 vg^79h4 vg^81a vg^81b1 vg^81c41d vg^82c61 vg^83f38 vg^83l-s vg^83l2b vg^84hXC vg^No2 vg^U vg^W vg^ext6 vg^nw lethal \| recessive \| conditional - heat sensitive vg^UR lethal \| embryonic stage \| recessive vg^W lethal \| larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Act vg^{ΔACT.Scer\UAS} lethal \| pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1 vg^Scer\UAS.cZa Other Phenotypes Allele visible vg¹ vg^21-3 vg^21-4 vg^21-7 vg^2a33 vg^33k vg^79d5 vg^83b27 vg^U vg^X vg^hR vg^null vg^nw vg^s2 visible (with Df(2R)vg-B) vg^21-3 vg²¹ vg^2a33 visible (with Df(2R)H6a) vg¹ visible (with vg¹) vg^83b27 visible (with vg²¹) vg^2a33 visible (with vg^83b27) vg¹ vg^null visible (with vg^null) vg^83b27 visible (with vg^2a33) vg²¹ visible \| recessive vg¹ vg^21-1.3 vg^21-158.1 vg^21-161.1 vg^21-197.5 vg^21-212.2 vg^21-213.1 vg^21-213.4 vg^21-241 vg^21-33.1 vg^21-56.1 vg^21-6.1 vg^21-60.1 vg^21-74.2 vg^21-78.1 vg^21-81.1 vg^21-83.1 vg^21-f106 vg²¹ vg^79d5 vg^83b27-R vg^83b27 vg^A1Ext vg^al vg^ext1 vg^null vg^s2 vg^unspecified visible \| recessive \| conditional - heat sensitive vg^np visible \| recessive \| conditional - cold sensitive vg¹ vg^79d5 vg^TP vg^al visible \| dominant vg^33f13 vg^No1 vg^No2 vg^U vg^URK11 vg^URK12 vg^URK13 vg^URK14 vg^URK15 vg^URK16 vg^URK17 vg^URK1 vg^URK2 vg^URK3 vg^URK4 vg^URK5 vg^URK6 vg^URK7 vg^URK9 vg^W vg^WRK1 vg^WRK2 vg^WRK3 vg^WRK4 vg^WRK5 vg^WRK6 visible \| dominant \| homeotic vg^W visible \| homeotic vg^unspecified visible \| homeotic, with Scer\GAL4^bi-md653 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa visible \| homeotic, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa visible \| homeotic, with Scer\GAL4^{Ubx-lac1-Gal4} vg^Scer\UAS.cKa visible \| somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Ubx.PdC vg^Scer\UAS.cZa visible, with Scer\GAL4^dpp.blk1 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa visible, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1 vg^Scer\UAS.cZa vg^{ΔACT.Scer\UAS} visible, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23 vg^Scer\UAS.cZa vg^{ΔACT.Scer\UAS} visible, with Scer\GAL4^sca-C253 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa visible, with Scer\GAL4^ey.PH vg^Scer\UAS.cMa vg^{Δ7-8.Scer\UAS} visible, with Scer\GAL4^vg.PU vg^{ΔACT.Scer\UAS} size defective \| conditional - heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23 vg^{dsRNA.Scer\UAS} size defective, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E vg^{dsRNA.Scer\UAS} size defective, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa size defective, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa size defective, with Scer\GAL4^nub.PK vg^Scer\UAS.cKa size defective, with Scer\GAL4^salm-EPv vg^Scer\UAS.cKa mitotic cell cycle defective \| somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL vg^Scer\UAS.cKa vg^{dsRNA.Scer\UAS} mitotic cell cycle defective, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa mitotic cell cycle defective, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E vg^Scer\UAS.cKa mitotic cell cycle defective, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa mitotic cell cycle defective, with Scer\GAL4^Dll-md23 vg^Scer\UAS.cKa mitotic cell cycle defective, with Scer\GAL4^salm-EPv vg^Scer\UAS.cKa cytokinesis defective, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544 vg^Scer\UAS.cZa cytokinesis defective, with Scer\GAL4^nub.PK vg^Scer\UAS.cZa cytokinesis defective, with Scer\GAL4^salm-EPv vg^Scer\UAS.cZa chemical resistant \| dominant vg¹ vg^21-7 vg²¹ vg^83b27 vg^TP vg^np vg^nw chemical sensitive vg¹² vg^79d5 Sterility Allele sterile (with vg^nw) vg^nwl sterile (with vg^nwl) vg^nw female sterile vg² vg^83b27-R vg^Cli vg^ext1 vg^ext3 vg^ext5 vg^ext6 vg^ext7 vg^extV-75 vg^extVII-24 vg^nw female sterile (with vg^UR) vg^unspecified female sterile (with vg^unspecified) vg^UR female sterile \| recessive vg^33f13 vg^67d2 vg^74c1 vg^74c4 vg^74c6 vg^74c7 vg^76d1 vg^77a4 vg^77d2 vg^78a1 vg^78a2 vg^78b1 vg^78f2 vg^78j1 vg^79d4 vg^79d6 vg^79d7 vg^79f2 vg^79h1 vg^79h5 vg^79h6 vg^79h7 vg^80l2 vg^81a-s vg^81c18 vg^81c28 vg^81k1 vg^81l18 vg^81l26 vg^82c14 vg^83b22 vg^83b24 vg^83b39 vg^83c24 vg^83c3 vg^83c42 vg^83c43 vg^83c45 vg^83c5 vg^83c7 vg^83c vg^83d4 vg^83d vg^83f-XD vg^84f51 vg^84f vg^84hXD vg^85d1 vg^85d2 vg^85e2 vg^85e3 vg^85e4 vg^No1 vg^No2 vg^X male sterile vg² male sterile \| recessive vg^67d2 vg^74c1 vg^74c4 vg^74c6 vg^74c7 vg^76d1 vg^77a4 vg^77d2 vg^78a1 vg^78a2 vg^78b1 vg^78f2 vg^78j1 vg^79d4 vg^79d6 vg^79d7 vg^79f2 vg^79h1 vg^79h5 vg^79h6 vg^79h7 vg^80l2 vg^81a-s vg^81c18 vg^81c28 vg^81k1 vg^81l18 vg^81l26 vg^82c14 vg^83b22 vg^83b24 vg^83b39 vg^83c24 vg^83c3 vg^83c42 vg^83c43 vg^83c45 vg^83c5 vg^83c7 vg^83c vg^83d4 vg^83d vg^83f-XD vg^84f51 vg^84f vg^84hXD vg^85d1 vg^85d2 vg^85e2 vg^85e3 vg^85e4 male fertile vg^71k2 vg^74b2 vg^74c5 vg^76f vg⁷⁶ⁱ² vg^78b2 vg^78b3 vg^78k2 vg^79b1 vg^79d5 vg^81b2 vg^81c13 vg^81f vg^81l24 vg^82c13 vg^83b27 vg^85b vg^85f3 vg^al female fertile vg^71k2 vg^74b2 vg^74c5 vg^76f vg⁷⁶ⁱ² vg^78b2 vg^78b3 vg^78k2 vg^79b1 vg^79d5 vg^81b2 vg^81c13 vg^81f vg^81l24 vg^82c13 vg^83b27 vg^85b vg^85f3 vg^al Phenotype manifest in Allele dorsal mesothoracic disc \| somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI vg^{Δ1-4.Scer\UAS} vg^{Δ5'-6.Scer\UAS} vg^Scer\UAS.cKa wing \| ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^ey.PH vg^{Δ7-8.Scer\UAS} vg^Scer\UAS.cMa wing (with vg^no) vg¹ wing (with vg^dn) vg¹ wing (with vgⁿ) vg¹ wing (with vgⁿⁱ) vg¹ wing (with vg^nG) vg¹ wing (with vg^83b27) vg¹ vg^null wing (with Df(2R)H6a) vg¹ haltere (with Df(2R)H6a) vg¹ wing \| distal vg¹ wing \| conditional - cold sensitive vg¹ vg^79d5 vg^TP vg^al vg^ms wing vg¹ vg² vg^21-1.3 vg^21-158.1 vg^21-161.1