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Gene Dmel\βTub97EF

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\βTub97EF	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	β-Tubulin at 97EF	Annotation symbol	CG4869
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0003890
Created / Updated	2003-12-01/2003-12-01
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3R	Recombination map
Cytogenetic map	98B6-98B7	Sequence location	3R:23,792,730..23,814,089 [-]
Map ( GBrowse )	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene β-Tubulin at 97EF is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol βTub97EF (CG4869, FBgn0003890). It has the cytological map location 98B6-98B7. Its sequence location is 3R:23792730..23814089. Its molecular function is described as: structural constituent of cytoskeleton; GTP binding; structural molecule activity; GTPase activity. It is involved in the biological processes: microtubule-based movement; protein polymerization. 2 alleles are reported. No phenotypic data is available. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide.
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	βTub97EF (β4t) A structural gene for β-tubulin. It is transcribed into mRNA that occurs ubiquitously throughout development. βTub97EF is expressed coordinately with βTub56D, but the βTub97EF transcripts are much less prevalent. They occur at highest concentration during the first half of embryogenesis and the first and second larval instars (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984). No protein variant has been described (Gasch et al., 1988).
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 98B6-98B7   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}btzrL203 and P{PZ}l(3)0648706487
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 98C-98C (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Foe et al., 1993) 97E-97F (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Whiting et al., 1989)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Molecular Map Data
Gene Order (in direction of increasing cytology) References Gene Order (overall orientation not stated) References
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\βTub97EF for information on other features
Comments on Gene Model
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) βTub97EF-RA FBtr0085261  NM_143349   1879   522
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	1.8 (northern blot) (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984)
Comments	Nuclear run-on transcription assays demonstrate that modulation of transcription frequency by controlling the escape of RNA polymerase II from a step early in transcript elongation may be a common mechanism in gene regulation. (Rougvie and Lis, 1990)
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kD) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein βTub97EF-PA   FBpp0084630   58.6   522   4.36     NP_651606   AAF56770
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kD)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Tubulin (IPR000217) Beta tubulin (IPR002453) Tubulin/FtsZ, GTPase (IPR003008) Tubulin/FtsZ, C-terminal (IPR008280) Beta tubulin, autoregulation binding site (IPR013838)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA695983   AA804053   AA804073   AE003763 AAF56770   AI134108   AI134500   AI295510   AI296504   AI387541   AI389189   AI403428   AI532861   AI543128   AY118611 AAM49980   BI612466   CA804265   CO333327   CZ479627   EC053050   EC075449   EC195630   EC205362   EC264046   EL883541   EL883542   SD09739
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	Q8MST5 Q9VAX7
Maps to
Does NOT map to
Identified with	LP10436 (BDGP Project Members, 2000-)
Mapped Features & Mutations
Please see GBrowse or insertion reports for information on insertions of transgenic constructs and features not listed here Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts	DEDB - Drosophila exon database: splicing graphs • 11084
Crossreferences
Expression Data
FlyBase-Curated Data
Transcript and Protein data	Please see the FlyBase Gene Expression Report for details of gene expression from the literature.
Summary of Transcript Expression
Stage Tissue/Position Reference  larval stage | second instar   (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984)  embryonic stage | 0-21 hr   (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984)  larval stage | third instar   (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984)  pupal stage   (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984)  prepupal stage   (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984)  larval stage | first instar   (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Summary of Polypeptide Expression
Stage Tissue/Position Reference
Marker for
	microtubule &&of neuromuscular junction
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003890
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele viable βTub97EFe01802 Sterility Allele fertile βTub97EFe01802 Phenotype manifest in Allele
Classical Alleles ( 2 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of βTub97EF Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion βTub97EFMB03812 1 -- βTub97EFe01802 piggyBac transposase 2 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 0 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of βTub97EF Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion
Aneuploid Aberrations
Useful duplication	Dp(3;3)537
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions PBac{RB}betaTub97EFe01802 NA insertion of enhancer trap binary system Mi{ET1}βTub97EFMB03812 No
Related Comments
	Please look at the allele reports for the complete phenotype data Tubulins are the main structural components of microtubules in mitotic and meiotic spindles, cilia, flagella, neural processes and the cytoskeleton; nontubulin proteins (MAPS or microtubule-associated proteins) are involved along with tubulins in the formation of specialized microtubules (Theurkauf, Baum, Bo and Wensink, 1986; Rudolph, Kimble, Hoyle, Subler and Raff, 1987). Tubulin proteins are found in a wide variety of species from unicellular organisms to man; their biochemical and molecular structure is highly conserved. The α- and β-subunits from different organisms can be combined in vitro into hybrid microtubule structures and there is a high level of primary amino acid sequence identity in the proteins (Sanchez, Natzle, Cleveland, Kirschner and McCarthy, 1980; Raff, 1984). In D.melanogaster, two multigene families, each made up of four members, code for α- and β-tubulins, each tubulin subunit being a 55,000 dalton polypeptide. The tubulin genes in each multigene family are dispersed in the second and/or third chromosomes rather than arranged in clusters. βTub97EF is a structural gene for β-tubulin. It is transcribed into mRNA that occurs ubiquitously throughout development. βTub97EF is expressed coordinately with βTub56D, but the βTub97EF transcripts are much less prevalent. They occur at highest concentration during the first half of embryogenesis and the first and second larval instars (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984). No protein variant has been described (Gasch et al., 1988).   βTub97EF encodes a B4 β-Tubulin function. (Foe et al., 1993)
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 8 )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
GTP binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000217, InterPro:IPR002453, InterPro:IPR008280 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
GTPase activity inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008280 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
structural constituent of cytoskeleton inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984) inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000)
structural molecule activity inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002453 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
microtubule-based movement inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002453 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
protein polymerization inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003008, InterPro:IPR008280 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
microtubule inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Natzle and McCarthy, 1984) inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000) inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000217, InterPro:IPR002453 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
protein complex inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003008, InterPro:IPR008280 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	protein_coding_gene   nuclear_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions βTub97EF allele Gene References
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - Interaction data, including yeast 2-hybrid and genetic interactions • 68240
Orthologs
Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs	Dana\GF16133 Dere\GG12076 Dmoj\GI24852 Dper\GL23875 Dpse\GA27086 Dsec\GM16302 Dvir\GJ24495 Dwil\GK22527 Dyak\GE10520
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Daur\βTub97EF   Dkik\βTub97EF (Drosopoulou et al., 2002) Dpse\GA18491   Dser\βTub97EF (Drosopoulou et al., 2002)
Linkouts	InParanoid orthologs - Eukaryotic orthologs • ENSANGP00000024132 Anopheles gambiae (Ensembl)
Functional Complementation between Species
Inter-Species Misexpression Data
Produces phenotype in
Produces NO phenotype in
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 3 )
Harvard	- PBac{RB}betaTub97EFe01802
Bloomington	24275 w1118; Mi{ET1}βTub97EFMB03812 17990 w1118; PBac{RB}betaTub97EFe01802
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR11P22
cDNA Clones ( 17 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	LP10436
Other clones
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	SD04496 GH18092 GH20305 RH41340 GH11468 LP09169 GM12673 GH22862 GM04863 GM12738 GH11977
Other clones	EK306521 EC053050 ESG0112d.B21_C08 IP13202 SD09739
RNAi & Array Information
Affy Oligo
Linkouts	DRSC - RNAi screening (Harvard): high-throughput cell culture data and design • FBgn0003890
Antibody Information
	y (Trotta et al., 2004)
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Position Effect Variegation Data
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of	Source for merge of: βTub97EF CG4869 (Gilliland, 2002.10.16)
Additional comments
Comments About Role
Comments About Molecular Function
Other Comments
	Daur\βTub97EF and βTub97EF were thought to have discordant introns, but this is now known to be an error in the published sequence, the introns are concordant. (Stoltzfus et al., 1997)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_143349 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_651606 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AE003763 AAF56770 AI296504 AY118611 AAM49980 CZ479627 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • Q8MST5 Q9VAX7
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Tubulin (IPR000217) Beta tubulin (IPR002453) Tubulin/FtsZ, GTPase (IPR003008) Tubulin/FtsZ, C-terminal (IPR008280) Beta tubulin, autoregulation binding site (IPR013838)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - Interaction data, including yeast 2-hybrid and genetic interactions • 68240 DEDB - Drosophila exon database: splicing graphs • 11084 DRSC - RNAi screening (Harvard): high-throughput cell culture data and design • FBgn0003890 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003890 FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0003890 InParanoid orthologs - Eukaryotic orthologs • ENSANGP00000024132 Anopheles gambiae (Ensembl)
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 26 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	4t (Fyrberg and Goldstein, 1990) B4t   BETA 98B (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000) CG4869 (Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000, ) Dmβ4 (Raff et al., 1997) DTB1 (Whiting et al., 1989, Natzle and McCarthy, 1984) T (Courgeon et al., 1993) Tub (Harris and Peifer, 2004) β4t   β97F (Raff, 1984) β-tub (Pal Bhadra et al., 2005) βTub4   β-Tub97EF   βTub97EF   βTub98BC (Fyrberg and Goldstein, 1990) βTub98C (Foe et al., 1993, Fyrberg and Goldstein, 1990, )
Name Synonym	Beta tubulin (Chen and Haddad, 2004) beta-tubulin (Przewloka, 2007) tubulin (Sharp et al., 2000, Reed and Orr-Weaver, 1997, Harris and Peifer, 2004, Harris and Peifer, 2005, Goshima et al., 2005, Ashley et al., 2005) Β4-tubulin (Diaz et al., 1990) β4 tubulin   β tubulin (Cygnar, 2005, Kondylis et al., 2001, Carmena et al., 1998, Fitch and Wakimoto, 1998) β-tubulin (Kwon and Scholey, 2004, Riparbelli and Callaini, 2003, Anderson et al., 2002, Bulgheresi et al., 2001, Vied and Horabin, 2001, Grieder et al., 2000, Parmentier et al., 2000, Yu et al., 2000, Vidwans et al., 1999, Debec et al., 1999, Reddy and Rodrigues, 1999, McCartney et al., 1999, Robinson et al., 1999, Reddy and Rodrigues, 1999, Sharp et al., 1999, Crawford et al., 1998, Logarinho and Sunkel, 1998, Adams et al., 1998, Hirth et al., 1998, Eberl et al., 1997, Eaton et al., 1996, Brill et al., 1995, Xu et al., 2006, Pal Bhadra et al., 2006, Holtzman et al., 2008) βtubulin (Akong et al., 2002) β-Tubulin (Riparbelli et al., 2004, Trotta et al., 2004) β-Tubulin at 97EF
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0039567
References ( 79 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 79 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 58 ) Supplementary material  ( 1 ) Review  ( 6 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 4 ) Abstract  ( 4 ) Computer file  ( 3 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 1 ) Automatic genome annotation  ( 1 ) Book  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 2 )
	Przewloka, 2007, PLoS ONE 2(5): e478 [FBrf0200394] Pal Bhadra et al., 2006, Genetics 174(3): 1151--1159 Misregulation of sex-lethal and disruption of male-specific lethal complex localization in Drosophila species hybrids. [FBrf0192394] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2006 Show reviews ...