Gene Dmel\sn

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\sn	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	singed	Annotation symbol	CG32858
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0003447
Created / Updated	2003-12-01/2003-12-01
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	X	Recombination map	1-21.0
Cytogenetic map	7D1-7D2	Sequence location	X:7,858,057..7,880,134 [+]
Map ( GBrowse )
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene singed is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol sn (CG32858, FBgn0003447). It has the cytological map location 7D1-7D2. Its sequence location is X:7858057..7880134. Its molecular function is described as: actin binding; actin filament binding; protein binding, bridging. It is involved in the biological processes: cuticle pattern formation; epidermal cell differentiation; bristle morphogenesis; actin filament bundle formation; actin filament organization; antennal morphogenesis; oogenesis; imaginal disc-derived wing hair organization and biogenesis. 200 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with 13 unique terms, many of which group under: organ system; anatomical structure; peripheral nervous system; nervous system; egg; adult segment; germ cell; adult; cuticle; wing hair; antennal segment. It has 3 annotated transcripts and 3 annotated polypeptides.
External Summaries

Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	sn: singed sn: singed From Mohr, 1922, Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl. 28: 1-22. Macrochaetae deformed, from short and gnarled to wavy, depending on allele. Similarly, microchaetae may be straight or wavy. Electron-microscope examination of developing bristle shaft shows flattened fiber bundles around periphery, which occupy but 5% of cross-sectional profile, compared to wild type, which have fiber bundles that are circular in cross section and occupy 20% of cross-sectional area [Overton, 1967, J. Morph. 122: 367-80 (fig.)]. Females homozygous for the most extreme alleles are completely sterile; vitellogenesis defective. Eggs laid by sn1 homozygotes are normal in number, but are short, blunt, and wrinkled with small blunt dorsal appendages [Mohr, 1922, Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl. 28: 1-22 (fig.)]. Sterility autonomous in transplants (sn1; Clancy and Beadle, 1937, Biol. Bull. 72: 47-56; Perrimon and Gans, 1983, Dev. Biol. 100: 365-73). Heterozygotes between female-sterile and fertile alleles are fertile, between female sterile alleles are sterile. sn36a Macrochaetae gnarled in a fairly extreme manner. Microchaetae wild type. sn36a is only allele to cause pronounced reduction in replication of oocyte nurse cell DNA [King and Burnett, 1957, Growth 21: 263-80 (fig.)]. Also causes more extreme retardation of vitellogenesis than other female-sterile sn alleles (Bender). sn36a sn4 homozygote has nearly normal bristles and is sterile. RK1. sn49 A strong allele of sn recovered from a natural population. Associated with simultaneous mutation to club wing, clw, a defect in wing expansion with low penetrance. sn49 is unstable, producing an array of derivatives that are in turn stable or unstable. and the expression of clw differs among them. It mutates to sn+ and back at a rate of approximately 10-3; a rare moderate singed derivative exhibits an approximately ten-fold elevation in mutation frequency, mutating either back to the strong allele or to an unstable normal allele; a single extreme singed derivative of a normal derivative of the moderate allele produces strong-singed and non-singed derivatives, which can in turn revert to the extreme allele and in the case of the strong derivative to non singed (Yurchenko, Zakharov, and Golubovsky, 1984, Mol. Gen. Genet. 194: 279-85). sn63-15 Moderate sn phenotype. Prototype type B mutable allele; mutation rate 0.1 to 1.2%. Produces both extreme singed and normal-appearing derivatives as well as an array of intermediate phenotypes. In addition strongly reversible alleles (25-50 x more mutable than parental allele) are produced. This allele also associated with increased rate of mutation to fw. sn77-27 Extreme sn phenotype. Prototype type A mutable allele; mutates to an unstable sn+, which mutates back to extreme alleles; no intermediate alleles recovered. sncm An allele of sn that is mutable in dysgenic but not in non-dysgenic genotypes. Mutation takes place in two directions; one is to apparent stable reversions and the other to a more extreme phenotype, snex, which is in turn unstable. snw: singed-weak Weak singed phenotype, probably class 2. Highly mutable in dysgenic genotypes; 40% to 60% of offspring are either normal (sn(+)) or extreme singed (sne) in phenotype. These derivatives are in turn mutable, but at much lower levels. Completely stable in non-dysgenic genotypes.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 7D1-7D2 Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP1243 and P{EP}sn^EP1217
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 7D2-7D2 Determined by deficiency mapping (details unspecified). (Swan et al., 2001) 7D-7D (determined by in situ hybridisation) (Vieira et al., 1997) 7D1-7D2 (determined by in situ hybridisation) (O'Hare, 1990) 7D1-7D2 (determined by in situ hybridisation) (Lozovskaya et al., 1993) 7D1-7D2 (determined by in situ hybridisation) (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991) 7C1-7D5 (determined by in situ hybridisation) (Hasan, 1989) 7D1-7D2 (determined by in situ hybridisation) (Hawley et al., 1988) 7D1-7D2 (determined by in situ hybridisation) (Roiha et al., 1988)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	1-21.0 (Mickey, 1963, Neel, 1942) 1- (Mohler, 1977)
Left of (cM)	mys fs(1)h Tbh (Monastirioti et al., 1996) mus111 (Mason et al., 1981)
Right of (cM)	cm ct (Johnson and Judd, 1979) sws (Monastirioti et al., 1996)
Notes
Molecular Map Data
Gene Order (in direction of increasing cytology) References Gene Order (overall orientation not stated) References
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\sn for information on other features
Comments on Gene Model

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) sn-RA FBtr0071101 NM_167142 2599 512 sn-RB FBtr0071102 NM_167143 2856 512 sn-RC FBtr0071100 NM_078521 2338 564
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	3.6, 3.3, 3.0 (northern blot) (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991)
Comments	The three sn transcripts differ only in their 3\\' untranslated region. All three are predicted to encode the same 57 kD protein. (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991) The three sn transcripts differ only in their 3\\' untranslated region. All three encode the same protein. (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991, Paterson and O'Hare, 1991)
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kD) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein sn-PA FBpp0071057 57.3 512 7.01 NP_727226 AAF46307 sn-PB FBpp0071058 57.3 512 7.01 NP_727227 AAN09224 sn-PC FBpp0071056 63.0 564 7.51 NP_511076 AAN09225
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kD)	512 (aa); 57 (kD predicted) (Paterson and O'Hare, 1991) 512 (aa); 57 (kD observed) (Cant et al., 1994)
Comments	Bacterially expressed sn protein is able to bundle F-actin in vitro. (Cant et al., 1994)
External Data
Linkouts	PANTHER - Protein classification by function, families, and pathways • FBgn0003447
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Actin-crosslinking proteins (IPR008999) Fascin (IPR010431)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA201985 AA202422 AA246257 AA246894 AA263397 AA263688 AA263842 AA391616 AA391923 AA392642 AA438317 AA438560 AA438993 AA440386 AA440865 AA440977 AA538860 AA539617 AA695223 AA695225 AA696687 AA698553 AA816620 AA816640 AA941017 AA942590 AA949377 AA950143 AA951863 AA979473 AE003442 AAF46307 AE003442 AAN09224 AE003442 AAN09225 AI257192 AI456691 AI457069 AI515909 AI516086 AI518324 AY071706 AAL49328 AY071759 AAL49381 BG638520 BI164010 BI166145 BI167957 BI168321 BI168372 BI169450 BI170943 BI171205 BI172001 BI173870 BI212290 BI213645 BI228420 BI232557 BI233186 BI234315 BI235858 BI236225 BI238453 BI239775 BI240517 BI356091 BI367121 BI367137 BI368128 BI369437 BI369827 BI370357 BI370577 BI370876 BI376096 BI481657 BI481819 BI481835 BI483621 BI485553 BI485595 BI563571 BI564079 BI564317 BI565130 BI565264 BI566228 BI567211 BI567599 BI567815 BI570592 BI571803 BI573188 BI573189 BI573339 BI573340 BI573345 BI573346 BI573955 BI573956 BI575853 BI576597 BI577020 BI578122 BI580039 BI582625 BI582736 BI583303 BI583709 BI584652 BI584748 BI584831 BI584917 BI585082 BI585106 BI585248 BI585866 BI586667 BI586835 BI587310 BI588853 BI588961 BI589368 BI590761 BI592655 BI593330 BI604259 BI606237 BI606802 BI608910 BI609084 BI609183 BI609588 BI611746 BI612340 BI613901 BI614499 BI614578 BI615207 BI616411 BI618999 BI619865 BI620400 BI622075 BI623637 BI625111 BI625736 BI626692 BI627217 BI629330 BI630112 BI630673 BI630844 BI631592 BI631693 BI631783 BI634189 BI634499 BI634806 BI634848 BP549949 BP549950 CK657285 CK661868 CL844363 CO185962 CO196462 CO268217 CO269735 CO271165 CO275040 CO276092 CO276115 CO278082 CO280504 CO280528 CO284714 CO285684 CO286783 CO287766 CO288694 CO290618 CO290802 CO300693 CO301310 CO303097 CO303600 CO303811 CO306201 CO309968 CO311563 CO313644 CO314360 CO322366 CZ476863 CZ482152 CZ482153 EC065642